91̽»¨

Abstract:

Recent archaeological research in the Valle Sabbia in the territory of Brescia (BS-Northern Italy) has led to the discovery of a new place of worship from the Roman era, possibly built on an ancient indigenous sanctuary. The Valle Sabbia is one of the alpine valleys of Lombardy, north of Brescia (the Colonia Augusta Civica Brixia). The territory, crossed by the river Chiese, stretches between Lake Idro and Lake Garda, in a favourable geographical position that puts it in direct contact with the plain on one side and the Alps on the other. Since 2000, campaigns of archaeological excavations have led to the discovery of different contexts that can be interpreted as sacred, with frequenting from prehistoric times to Roman times and which have as recurrent characteristic a close relationship with the surrounding landscape, with a clear preference for mountainous and wooded contexts. The most important novelties, concerning the Roman period, emerge in Villanuova sul Clisi, where on a panoramic hill overlooking the entire Valle Sabbia and Garda Lake, various wall structures have emerged that define a complex built on several levels, with a rectangular main room of about 11×4,20 m, made with large structures confining the summit plateau, and other lateral ones. The recovered materials indicate a visitation from the 1st to the 4th century A.D.: in addition to coins, fibulae and ceramics, some miniature metal ex-voto with dedications to Iuppiter Aeternus, various graffiti on plaster and a stone altar also inscribed have been uncovered.

Abstract:

Quantum speed limit (QSL) defines the theoretical upper bound on how fast a quantum system can evolve between states. It imposes a fundamental constraint on the rate of quantum information processing. For a relativistic spin-up electron in a uniform magnetic field, QSL increased with the magnetic field strength till around 1015$$10^{15}$$ Gauss, before saturating at a saturated QSL (SQSL) of 0.2407c$$0.2407c$$, where ‘c’ is the speed of light. We show that by using variable magnetic fields, it is possible to surpass this limit, achieving SQSL up to 0.4$$0.4$$–0.6c. To attain this quantum phenomenon, we solve the evolution equation of relativistic electron in spatially varying magnetic fields and find that the energies of various electron states become non-degenerate as opposed to the constant magnetic field case. This redistribution of energy is the key ingredient to accomplish higher QSL and, thus, a high information processing speed. We further explore how QSL can serve as a bridge between relativistic and non-relativistic quantum dynamics, providing insights via the Bremermann-Bekenstein bound, a quantity which constrains the maximal rate of information production. We also propose a practical experimental setup to realize these advancements. These results hold immense potential for propelling fields of quantum computation, thermodynamics and metrology.

Abstract:

The pursuit of inertial confinement fusion ignition target designs requires precise experimental validation of the conditions within imploding capsules, in particular the density and temperature of the compressed shell. Previous work has identified x-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) as a viable diagnostic tool for inferring the in-flight compressed deuterium-tritium shell conditions during capsule implosions (Poole et al 2022 Phys. Plasmas 29 072703). However, this study focused on one-dimensional simulations, which do not account for the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities. In this work, two-dimensional DRACO simulations incorporating intermediate-mode perturbations up to Legendre mode â„“=50 were used to generate synthetic XRTS spectra with the SPECT3D code. The analysis employed Markov-Chain Monte Carlo techniques to infer plasma conditions from these spectra. The results demonstrate that the XRTS diagnostic platform can effectively discern the in-flight compressed shell conditions for targets with varying adiabats, even in the presence of intermediate-mode perturbations. This work underscores the potential of XRTS for realistic inertial confinement fusion experiments, providing a robust method for probing the complex dynamics of fusion implosions.

Abstract:

We present numerical simulations used to interpret laser-driven plasma experiments at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research. The mechanisms by which non-thermal particles are accelerated, in astrophysical environments e.g., the solar wind, supernova remnants, and gamma ray bursts, is a topic of intense study. When shocks are present the primary acceleration mechanism is believed to be first-order Fermi, which accelerates particles as they cross a shock. Second-order Fermi acceleration can also contribute, utilizing magnetic mirrors for particle energization. Despite this mechanism being less efficient, the ubiquity of magnetized turbulence in the universe necessitates its consideration. Another acceleration mechanism is the lower-hybrid drift instability, arising from gradients of both density and magnetic field, which produce lower-hybrid waves with an electric field which energizes particles as they cross these waves. With the combination of high-powered laser systems and particle accelerators it is possible to study the mechanisms behind cosmic-ray acceleration in the laboratory. In this work, we combine experimental results and high-fidelity threedimensional simulations to estimate the efficiency of ion acceleration in a weakly magnetized interaction region. We validate the FLASH MHD code with experimental results and use OSIRIS particle-in-cell (PIC) code to verify the initial formation of the interaction region, showing good agreement between codes and experimental results. We find that the plasma conditions in the experiment are conducive to the lower-hybrid drift instability, yielding an increase in energy ∆E of ∼ 264 keV for 242 MeV calcium ions.