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Abstract:

Measuring terahertz (THz) conductivity on an ultrafast time scale is an excellent way to observe charge-carrier dynamics in semiconductors as a function of time after photoexcitation. However, a conductivity measurement alone cannot separate the effects of charge-carrier recombination from effective mass changes as charges cool and experience different regions of the electronic band structure. Here we present a form of time-resolved magneto-THz spectroscopy which allows us to measure cyclotron effective mass on a picosecond time scale. We demonstrate this technique by observing electron cooling in the technologically-significant narrow-bandgap semiconductor indium antimonide (InSb). A significant reduction of electron effective mass from 0.032 me to 0.017 me is observed in the first 200 ps after injecting hot electrons. Measurement of electron effective mass in InSb as a function of photo-injected electron density agrees well with conduction band non-parabolicity predictions from ab initio calculations of the quasiparticle band structure.

Abstract:

Mixed tin–lead halide perovskites have recently emerged as highly promising materials for efficient single- and multi-junction photovoltaic devices. This Focus Review discusses the optoelectronic properties that underpin this performance, clearly differentiating between intrinsic and defect-mediated mechanisms. We show that from a fundamental perspective, increasing tin fraction may cause increases in attainable charge-carrier mobilities, decreases in exciton binding energies, and potentially a slowing of charge-carrier cooling, all beneficial for photovoltaic applications. We discuss the mechanisms leading to significant bandgap bowing along the tin–lead series, which enables attractive near-infrared bandgaps at intermediate tin content. However, tin-rich stoichiometries still suffer from tin oxidation and vacancy formation which often obscures the fundamentally achievable performance, causing high background hole densities, accelerating charge-carrier recombination, lowering charge-carrier mobilities, and blue-shifting absorption onsets through the Burstein–Moss effect. We evaluate impacts on photovoltaic device performance, and conclude with an outlook on remaining challenges and promising future directions in this area.