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Abstract:

A reduced-gravity model is developed to represent the flow of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) over realistic bathymetry in an Atlantic domain. The dynamics are based on the steady, planetary-geostrophic, shallow-water equations, including a linear bottom friction and a uniform diapycnal upwelling through the top of the model layer. The model solutions are broadly consistent with observations of the distribution and transport of AABW. The flows occur predominantly along potential vorticity contours, which are in turn broadly oriented along bathymetric contours. The characteristic weak flow across potential vorticity contours of the Stommel-Arons model is present as a small addition to this stronger forced mode along potential vorticity contours. As a consequence, mass balance is maintained not by hypothesized western boundary currents as in the Stommel-Arons model, but by the interplay between topographic slope currents and interior recirculations. In particular, a transposition is found in the flow of AABW from the western side of the Brazil Basin south of the equator to the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the equator. This is also consistent with an analytical result derived by extending the Parsons mechanism to an abyssal layer overlying arbitrary bathymetry. The authors suggest that the results provide a more convincing zero-order picture than the Stommel-Arons model for the circulation of AABW and perhaps for abyssal water masses in general.

Abstract:

A reduced-gravity planetary-geostrophic model of the North Atlantic consisting of two active layers overlying a motionless abyss is developed to investigate the effect of the wind field in shaping the dynamics of the Mediterranean salinity tongue. The model is driven by climatological winds and eastern boundary ventilation in a basin of realistic geometry and includes a parameterization of meddies. The upper-layer depth from the model shows a clear similarity to observations, both in terms of the location and intensity of the subtropical gyre and also the position of the outcropping line in the northern basin. Potential vorticity in layer two reproduces the sweep of potential-vorticity contours southwestward from the eastern boundary and extending westward into the interior, and provides the pathways along which Mediterranean Water spreads into the model interior. The authors solve for the steady salinity field in the second layer, including sources of Upper Labrador Sea Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water on the isopycnal surface. The shape and spreading latitude of the model salinity tongues bear a striking resemblance to observations. Both the wind forcing and the occurrence of a mean transport of Mediterranean Water away from the eastern boundary are crucial in obtaining a realistic salinity tongue. The salinity tongues are remarkably stable to variations in the Peclet number. A simple parameterization of meddies in the model is also included. Where meddies are dissipated locally by collisions with topographic seamounts, for example, they may generate large recirculations extending across to the western boundary. The net effect of these recirculations is to shift the salinity tongue equatorward.

Abstract:

The dynamical control of the eddy-induced transport is investigated in a series of idealized eddy-resolving experiments. When there is an active eddy field, the eddy-induced transport is found to correlate with isopycnic gradients of potential vorticity, rather than gradients of layer thickness. For any unforced layers, the eddy transfer leads to a homogenization of potential vorticity and a vanishing of the eddy-induced transport in the final steady state.