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Abstract:

We present the largest single survey to date of average profiles of radio pulsars, observed and processed using the same telescope and data reduction software. Specifically, we present measurements for 1170 pulsars, observed by the Thousand Pulsar Array programme at the 64-dish SARAO MeerKAT radio telescope, in a frequency band from 856 to 1712 MHz. We provide rotation measures (RM), dispersion measures, flux densities, and polarization properties. The catalogue includes 254 new RMs that substantially increase the total number of known pulsar RMs. Our integration times typically span over 1000 individual rotations per source. We show that the radio (pseudo-) luminosity has a strong, shallow dependence on the spin-down energy, proportional to Ė^0.15±0.04⁠, that contradicts some previous proposals of population synthesis studies. In addition, we find a significant correlation between the steepness of the observed flux density spectra and Ė⁠, and correlations of the fractional linear polarization with Ė⁠, the spectral index, and the pulse width, which we discuss in the context of what is known about pulsar radio emission and how pulsars evolve with time. On the whole, we do not see significant correlations with the estimated surface magnetic field strength, and the correlations with Ė are much stronger than those with the characteristic age. This finding lends 91̽�� to the suggestion that magnetic dipole braking may not be the dominant factor for the evolution of pulsar rotation over the lifetimes of pulsars. A public data release of the high-fidelity time-averaged pulse profiles in full polarization accompanies our catalogue.

Abstract:

We report on the subpulse modulation properties of 1198 pulsars using the Thousand-Pulsar-Array programme on MeerKAT. About 35 per cent of the analysed pulsars exhibit drifting subpulses that are more pronounced towards the death line, consistent with previous studies. We estimate that this common phenomenon is detectable in 60 per cent of the overall pulsar population if high-quality data were available for all. This large study reveals the evolution of drifting subpulses across the pulsar population in unprecedented detail. In particular, we find that the modulation period P₃ follows a V-shaped evolution with respect to the characteristic age τ_c, such that the smallest P₃ values, corresponding to the Nyquist period P₃ ≃ 2, are found at τ_c ≃ 10^7.5 yr. The V-shaped evolution can be interpreted and reproduced if young pulsars possess aliased fast intrinsic P₃, which monotonically increase, ultimately achieving a slow unaliased P₃. Enhancement of irregularities in intrinsic subpulse modulation by aliasing in small-τ_c pulsars would explain their observed less well defined P₃’s and weaker spectral features. Modelling these results as rotating subbeams, their circulation must slow down as the pulsar evolves. This is the opposite to that expected if circulation is driven by E × B drift. This can be resolved if the observed P₃ periodicity is due to a beat between an E × B system and the pulsar period. As a by-product, we identified the correct periods and spin-down rates for 12 pulsars, for which harmonically related values were reported in the literature.