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Abstract:

Constraining the escape fraction of Lyman Continuum (LyC) photons from high-redshift galaxies is crucial to understanding reionization. Recent observations have demonstrated that various characteristics of the Ly α emission line correlate with the inferred LyC escape fraction (f LyC esc ) of low-redshift galaxies. Using a data set of 9600 mock Ly α spectra of star-forming galaxies at 4.64 ≤ z ≤ 6 from the SPHINX20 cosmological radiation hydrodynamical simulation, we study the physics controlling the escape of Ly α and LyC photons. We find that our mock Ly α observations are representative of high-redshift observations and that typical observational methods tend to overpredict the Ly α escape fraction (f Ly α esc ) by as much as 2 dex. We investigate the correlations between f LyC esc and f Ly α esc , Ly α equivalent width (Wλ(Ly α)), peak separation (vsep), central escape fraction (fcen), and red peak asymmetry (Ared f ). We find that f Ly α esc and fcen are good diagnostics for LyC leakage, selecting for galaxies with lower neutral gas densities and less UV attenuation that have recently experienced supernova feedback. In contrast, Wλ(Ly α) and vsep are found to be necessary but insufficient diagnostics, while Ared f carries little information. Finally, we use stacks of Ly α, H α, and F150W mock surface brightness profiles to find that galaxies with high f LyC esc tend to have less extended Ly α and F150W haloes but larger H α haloes than their non-leaking counterparts. This confirms that Ly α spectral profiles and surface brightness morphology can be used to better understand the escape of LyC photons from galaxies during the epoch of reionization.

Abstract:

The structure of magnetic fields in galaxies remains poorly constrained, despite the importance of magnetism in the evolution of galaxies. Radio synchrotron and far-infrared (FIR) polarization and polarimetric observations are the best methods to measure galactic scale properties of magnetic fields in galaxies beyond the Milky Way. We use synthetic polarimetric observations of a simulated galaxy to identify and quantify the regions, scales, and interstellar medium (ISM) phases probed at FIR and radio wavelengths. Our studied suite of magnetohydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulations features high-resolutions (10 pc full-cell size) and multiple magnetization models. Our synthetic observations have a striking resemblance to those of observed galaxies. We find that the total and polarized radio emission extends to approximately double the altitude above the galactic disk (half-intensity disk thickness of h I radio ∼ h PI radio = 0.23 ± 0.03 kpc) relative to the total FIR and polarized emission that are concentrated in the disk midplane (h I FIR ∼ h PI FIR = 0.11 ± 0.01 kpc). Radio emission traces magnetic fields at scales of ≳300 pc, whereas FIR emission probes magnetic fields at the smallest scales of our simulations. These scales are comparable to our spatial resolution and well below the spatial resolution (<300 pc) of existing FIR polarimetric measurements. Finally, we confirm that synchrotron emission traces a combination of the warm neutral and cold neutral gas phases, whereas FIR emission follows the densest gas in the cold neutral phase in the simulation. These results are independent of the ISM magnetic field strength. The complementarity we measure between radio and FIR wavelengths motivates future multiwavelength polarimetric observations to advance our knowledge of extragalactic magnetism.

Abstract:

During the last decade, cosmological simulations have managed to reproduce realistic and morphologically diverse galaxies, spanning the Hubble sequence. Central to this success was a phenomenological calibration of the few included feedback processes, while glossing over higher complexity baryonic physics. This approach diminishes the predictive power of such simulations, preventing to further our understanding of galaxy formation. To tackle this fundamental issue, we investigate the impact of cosmic rays (CRs) and magnetic fields on the interstellar medium and the launching of outflows in a cosmological zoom-in simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy. We find that including CRs decreases the stellar mass of the galaxy by a factor of 10 at high redshift and ∼4 at cosmic noon, leading to a stellar mass to halo mass ratio in good agreement with abundance matching models. Such decrease is caused by two effects: (i) a reduction of cold, high-density, star-forming gas, and (ii) a larger fraction of supernova (SN) events exploding at lower densities, where they have a higher impact. SN-injected CRs produce enhanced, multiphase galactic outflows, which are accelerated by CR pressure gradients in the circumgalactic medium of the galaxy. While the mass budget of these outflows is dominated by the warm ionized gas, warm neutral and cold gas phases contribute significantly at high redshifts. Importantly, our work shows that future JWST observations of galaxies and their multiphase outflows across cosmic time have the ability to constrain the role of CRs in regulating star formation.

Abstract:

Reliable indirect diagnostics of LyC photon escape from galaxies are required to understand which sources were the dominant contributors to reionization. While multiple LyC escape fraction (f_esc) indicators have been proposed to trace favourable conditions for LyC leakage from the interstellar medium of low-redshift ‘analogue’ galaxies, it remains unclear whether these are applicable at high redshifts where LyC emission cannot be directly observed. Using a library of 14 120 mock spectra of star-forming galaxies with redshifts 4.64 ≤ z ≤ 10 from the SPHINX²⁰ cosmological radiation hydrodynamics simulation, we develop a framework for the physics that leads to high f_esc. We investigate LyC leakage from our galaxies based on the criteria that successful LyC escape diagnostics must (i) track a high-specific star formation rate, (ii) be sensitive to stellar population age in the range 3.5–10 Myr representing the times when supernova first explode to when LyC production significantly drops, and (iii) include a proxy for neutral gas content and gas density in the interstellar medium. O₃₂, Σ_SFR, M_UV, and H β equivalent width select for one or fewer of our criteria, rendering them either necessary but insufficient or generally poor diagnostics. In contrast, UV slope (β), and E(B − V) match two or more of our criteria, rendering them good f_esc diagnostics (albeit with significant scatter). Using our library, we build a quantitative model for predicting f_esc based on direct observables. When applied to bright z > 6 Ly α emitters observed with JWST, we find that the majority of them have 𝑓esc≲10 per cent⁠.