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Abstract:

We present high spatial resolution (≈24 pc) Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array ¹²CO(2-1) observations of the central region of the nearby barred spiral galaxy NGC 5806. NGC 5806 has a highly structured molecular gas distribution with a clear nucleus, a nuclear ring, and offset dust lanes. We identify 170 spatially and spectrally resolved giant molecular clouds (GMCs). These clouds have comparable sizes (R_c) and larger gas masses, observed linewidths (σ_{obs, los}), and gas mass surface densities than those of clouds in the Milky Way disc. The size–linewidth relation of the clouds is one of the steepest reported so far (⁠$\sigma _{\mathrm{obs,los}}\propto R_{\mathrm{c}}^{1.20}$), the clouds are on average only marginally bound (with a mean virial parameter ⟨α_vir⟩ ≈ 2), and high velocity dispersions are observed in the nuclear ring. These behaviours are likely due to bar-driven gas shocks and inflows along the offset dust lanes, and we infer an inflow velocity of ≈120 km s⁻¹ and a total molecular gas mass inflow rate of ≈5 M_⊙ yr⁻¹ into the nuclear ring. The observed internal velocity gradients of the clouds are consistent with internal turbulence. The number of clouds in the nuclear ring decreases with azimuthal angle downstream from the dust lanes without clear variation of cloud properties. This is likely due to the estimated short lifetime of the clouds (≈6 Myr), which appears to be mainly regulated by cloud–cloud collision and/or shear processes. Overall, it thus seems that the presence of the large-scale bar and gas inflows to the centre of NGC 5806 affect cloud properties.

Abstract:

We present a CO dynamical estimate of the mass of the super-massive black hole (SMBH) in three nearby early-type galaxies: NGC 0612, NGC 1574 and NGC 4261. Our analysis is based on Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Cycle 3-6 observations of the 12CO(2-1) emission line with spatial resolutions of 14 − 58 pc (0.01″ − 0.26″). We detect disc-like CO distributions on scales from ≲ 200 pc (NGC 1574 and NGC 4261) to ≈10 kpc (NGC 0612). In NGC 0612 and NGC 1574 the bulk of the gas is regularly rotating. The data also provide evidence for the presence of a massive dark object at the centre of NGC 1574, allowing us to obtain the first measure of its mass, MBH = (1.0 ± 0.2) × 108 M⊙ (1σ uncertainty). In NGC 4261, the CO kinematics is clearly dominated by the SMBH gravitational influence, allowing us to determine an accurate black hole mass of (1.62 ± 0.04) × 109 M⊙ (1σ uncertainty). This is fully consistent with a previous CO dynamical estimate obtained using a different modelling technique. Signs of non-circular gas motions (likely outflow) are also identified in the inner regions of NGC 4261. In NGC 0612, we are only able to obtain a (conservative) upper limit of MBH ≲ 3.2 × 109 M⊙. This has likely to be ascribed to the presence of a central CO hole (with a radius much larger than that of the SMBH sphere of influence), combined with the inability of obtaining a robust prediction for the CO velocity curve. The three SMBH mass estimates are overall in agreement with predictions from the MBH − σ* relation.

Abstract:

In the published article, the prefactor in Equation (3) was incorrectly written as 3.3 × 104 as opposed to 3.3 × 105. The correct equation should be. This was a typo and did not propagate into or affect any quantitative results of the paper.