Operation of a Modular 3D-Pixelated Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber in a Neutrino Beam
Instruments MDPI 10:1 (2026) 18
Authors:
S Abbaslu, A Abed Abud, R Acciarri, LP Accorsi, MA Acero, MR Adames, G Adamov, M Adamowski, C Adriano, F Akbar, F Alemanno, NS Alex, K Allison, M Alrashed, A Alton, R Alvarez, T Alves, A Aman, H Amar, P Amedo, J Anderson, DA Andrade, C Andreopoulos, M Andreotti, MP Andrews, F Andrianala, S Andringa, F Anjarazafy, S Ansarifard, D Antic, M Antoniassi, A Aranda-Fernandez, L Arellano, E Arrieta Diaz, MA Arroyave, M Arteropons, J Asaadi, M Ascencio, A Ashkenazi, D Asner, L Asquith, E Atkin, D Auguste, A Aurisano, V Aushev, D Autiero, D 脕vila G贸mez, MB Azam, F Azfar, A Back, JJ Back, Y Bae, I Bagaturia, L Bagby, D Baigarashev, S Balasubramanian, A Balboni, P Baldi, W Baldini, J Baldonedo, B Baller, B Bambah, F Barao, D Barbu, G Barenboim, P B虄arham Alz谩s, GJ Barker, W Barkhouse, G Barr, A Barros, N Barros, D Barrow, JL Barrow, A Basharina-Freshville, A Bashyal, V Basque, M Bassani, D Basu, C Batchelor, L Bathe-Peters, JBR Battat, F Battisti, J Bautista, F Bay, JLL Bazo Alba, JF Beacom, E Bechetoille, B Behera, E Belchior, B Bell, G Bell, L Bellantoni, G Bellettini, V Bellini, O Beltramello, A Belyaev, C Benitez Montiel, D Benjamin, F Bento Neves, J Berger, S Berkman, J Bermudez, J Bernal, P Bernardini, A Bersani, E Bertholet, E Bertolini, S Bertolucci, M Betancourt, A Betancur Rodr铆guez, Y Bezawada, AT Bezerra, A Bhat, V Bhatnagar, M Bhattacharjee, S Bhattacharjee, M Bhattacharya, S Bhuller, B Bhuyan, S Biagi, J Bian, K Biery, B Bilki, M Bishai, A Blake, FD Blaszczyk, GC Blazey, E Blucher, B Bogart, J Boissevain, S Bolognesi, T Bolton, L Bomben, M Bonesini, C Bonilla-Diaz, A Booth, F Boran, R Borges Merlo, N Bostan, G Botogoske, B Bottino, R Bouet, J Boza, J Bracinik, B Brahma, D Brailsford, F Bramati, A Branca, A Brandt, J Bremer, SJ Brice, V Brio, C Brizzolari, C Bromberg, J Brooke, A Bross, G Brunetti, MB Brunetti, N Buchanan, H Budd, J Buergi, A Bundock, D Burgardt, S Butchart, G Caceres V., R Calabrese, R Calabrese, J Calcutt, L Calivers, E Calvo, A Caminata, AF Camino, W Campanelli, A Campani, A Campos Benitez, N Canci, J Cap贸, I Caracas, D Caratelli, D Carber, JM Carceller, G Carini, B Carlus, MF Carneiro, P Carniti, I Caro Terrazas, H Carranza, N Carrara, L Carroll, T Carroll, A Carter, E Casarejos, D Casazza, JF Casta帽o Forero, FA Casta帽o, C Castromonte, E Catano-Mur, C Cattadori, F Cavalier, F Cavanna, S Centro, G Cerati, C Cerna, A Cervelli, A Cervera Villanueva, J Chakrani, M Chalifour, A Chappell, A Chatterjee, B Chauhan, C Chavez Barajas, H Chen, M Chen, WC Chen, Y Chen, Z Chen, D Cherdack, SS Chhibra, C Chi, F Chiapponi, R Chirco, N Chitirasreemadam, K Cho, S Choate, G Choi, D Chokheli, PS Chong, B Chowdhury, D Christian, M Chung, E Church, MF Cicala, M Cicerchia, V Cicero, R Ciolini, P Clarke, G Cline, AG Cocco, JAB Coelho, A Cohen, J Collazo, J Collot, H Combs, JM Conrad, L Conti, T Contreras, M Convery, K Conway, S Copello, P Cova, C Cox, L Cremonesi, JI Crespo-Anad贸n, M Crisler, E Cristaldo, J Crnkovic, G Crone, R Cross, A Cudd, C Cuesta, Y Cui, F Curciarello, D Cussans, J Dai, O Dalager, W Dallaway, R D鈥橝mico, H da Motta, ZA Dar, R Darby, L Da Silva Peres, Q David, GS Davies, S Davini, J Dawson, R De Aguiar, P Debbins, MP Decowski, A de Gouv锚a, PC De Holanda, P De Jong, P Del Amo Sanchez, G De Lauretis, A Delbart, M Delgado, A Dell鈥橝cqua, G Delle Monache, N Delmonte, P De Lurgio, R Demario, G De Matteis, JRT de Mello Neto, APA De Mendonca, DM DeMuth, S Dennis, C Densham, P Denton, GW Deptuch, A De Roeck, V De Romeri, JP Detje, J Devine, K Dhanmeher, R Dharmapalan, M Dias, A Diaz, JS D铆az, F D铆az, F Di Capua, A Di Domenico, S Di Domizio, S Di Falco, L Di Giulio, P Ding, L Di Noto, E Diociaiuti, G Di Sciascio, V Di Silvestre, C Distefano, R Di Stefano, R Diurba, M Diwan, Z Djurcic, S Dolan, M Dolce, MJ Dolinski, D Domenici, S Dominguez, S Donati, S Doran, D Douglas, TA Doyle, F Drielsma, D Duchesneau, K Duffy, K Dugas, P Dunne, B Dutta, DA Dwyer, AS Dyshkant, S Dytman, M Eads, A Earle, S Edayath, D Edmunds, J Eisch, W Emark, P Englezos, A Ereditato, T Erjavec, CO Escobar, JJ Evans, E Ewart, AC Ezeribe, K Fahey, A Falcone, M Fani鈥, D Faragher, C Farnese, Y Farzan, J Felix, Y Feng, M Ferreira da Silva, G Ferry, E Fialova, L Fields, P Filip, A Filkins, F Filthaut, G Fiorillo, M Fiorini, S Fogarty, W Foreman, J Fowler, J Franc, K Francis, D Franco, J Franklin, J Freeman, J Fried, A Friedland, M Fucci, S Fuess, IK Furic, K Furman, AP Furmanski, R Gaba, A Gabrielli, AM Gago, F Galizzi, H Gallagher, M Galli, N Gallice, V Galymov, E Gamberini, T Gamble, R Gandhi, S Ganguly, F Gao, S Gao, D Garcia-Gamez, M脕 Garc铆a-Peris, S Gardiner, A Gartman, A Gauch, P Gauzzi, S Gazzana, G Ge, N Geffroy, B Gelli, S Gent, L Gerlach, A Ghosh, T Giammaria, D Gibin, I Gil-Botella, A Gioiosa, S Giovannella, AK Giri, V Giusti, D Gnani, O Gogota, S Gollapinni, K Gollwitzer, RA Gomes, LS Gomez Fajardo, D Gonzalez-Diaz, J Gonzalez-Santome, MC Goodman, S Goswami, C Gotti, J Goudeau, C Grace, E Gramellini, R Gran, P Granger, C Grant, DR Gratieri, G Grauso, P Green, S Greenberg, WC Griffith, K Grzelak, L Gu, W Gu, V Guarino, M Guarise, R Guenette, M Guerzoni, D Guffanti, A Guglielmi, FY Guo, A Gupta, V Gupta, G Gurung, D Gutierrez, P Guzowski, MM Guzzo, S Gwon, A Habig, L Haegel, R Hafeji, L Hagaman, A Hahn, J Hakenm眉ller, T Hamernik, P Hamilton, J Hancock, M Handley, F Happacher, B Harris, DA Harris, L Harris, AL Hart, J Hartnell, T Hartnett, J Harton, T Hasegawa, CM Hasnip, R Hatcher, S Hawkins, J Hays, M He, A Heavey, KM Heeger, A Heindel, J Heise, P Hellmuth, L Henderson, K Herner, V Hewes, A Higuera, A Himmel, E Hinkle, LR Hirsch, J Ho, J Hoefken Zink, J Hoff, A Holin, T Holvey, C Hong, S Horiuchi, GA Horton-Smith, R Hosokawa, T Houdy, B Howard, R Howell, I Hristova, MS Hronek, H Hua, J Huang, RG Huang, X Huang, Z Hulcher, A Hussain, G Iles, N Ilic, AM Iliescu, R Illingworth, G Ingratta, A Ioannisian, M Ismerio Oliveira, CM Jackson, V Jain, E James, W Jang, B Jargowsky, D Jena, I Jentz, C Jiang, J Jiang, A Jipa, JH Jo, FR Joaquim, W Johnson, C Jollet, R Jones, N Jovancevic, M Judah, CK Jung, KY Jung, T Junk, Y Jwa, M Kabirnezhad, AC Kaboth, I Kadenko, O Kalikulov, D Kalra, M Kandemir, S Kar, G Karagiorgi, G Karaman, A Karcher, Y Karyotakis, SP Kasetti, L Kashur, A Kauther, N Kazaryan, L Ke, E Kearns, PT Keener, KJ Kelly, R Keloth, E Kemp, O Kemularia, Y Kermaidic, W Ketchum, SH Kettell, N Khan, A Khvedelidze, D Kim, J Kim, MJ Kim, S Kim, B King, M King, M Kirby, A Kish, J Klein, J Kleykamp, A Klustova, T Kobilarcik, L Koch, K Koehler, LW Koerner, DH Koh, M Kordosky, T Kosc, VA Kosteleck媒, I Kotler, W Krah, R Kralik, M Kramer, F Krennrich, T Kroupova, S Kubota, M Kubu, VA Kudryavtsev, G Kufatty, S Kuhlmann, A Kumar, J Kumar, M Kumar, P Kumar, P Kumar, S Kumaran, J Kunzmann, V Kus, T Kutter, J Kvasnicka, T Labree, M Lachat, T Lackey, I Lal膬u, A Lambert, BJ Land, CE Lane, N Lane, K Lang, T Langford, M Langstaff, F Lanni, J Larkin, P Lasorak, D Last, A Laundrie, G Laurenti, E Lavaut, H Lay, I Lazanu, R LaZur, M Lazzaroni, S Leardini, J Learned, T LeCompte, G Lehmann Miotto, R Lehnert, M Leitner, H Lemoine, D Leon Silverio, LM Lepin, J-Y Li, SW Li, Y Li, R Lima, CS Lin, D Lindebaum, S Linden, RA Lineros, A Lister, BR Littlejohn, J Liu, Y Liu, S Lockwitz, I Lomidze, K Long, J Lopez, I L贸pez de Rego, N L贸pez-March, JM LoSecco, A Lozano Sanchez, X-G Lu, KB Luk, X Luo, E Luppi, AA Machado, P Machado, CT Macias, JR Macier, M MacMahon, S Magill, C Magueur, K Mahn, A Maio, N Majeed, A Major, K Majumdar, A Malige, S Mameli, M Man, RC Mandujano, J Maneira, S Manly, K Manolopoulos, M Manrique Plata, S Manthey Corchado, L Manzanillas-Velez, E Mao, M Marchan, A Marchionni, D Marfatia, C Mariani, J Maricic, F Marinho, AD Marino, T Markiewicz, F Das Chagas Marques, M Marshak, CM Marshall, J Marshall, L Martina, J Mart铆n-Albo, DA Martinez Caicedo, M Martinez-Casales, F Mart铆nez L贸pez, S Martynenko, V Mascagna, A Mastbaum, M Masud, F Matichard, G Matteucci, J Matthews, C Mauger, N Mauri, K Mavrokoridis, I Mawby, F Mayhew, T McAskill, N McConkey, B McConnell, KS McFarland, C McGivern, C McGrew, A McNab, C McNulty, J Mead, L Meazza, VCN Meddage, A Medhi, M Mehmood, B Mehta, P Mehta, F Mei, P Melas, L Mellet, TCD Melo, O Mena, H Mendez, DP M茅ndez, A Menegolli, G Meng, ACEA Mercuri, A Meregaglia, MD Messier, S Metallo, W Metcalf, M Mewes, H Meyer, T Miao, J Micallef, A Miccoli, G Michna, R Milincic, F Miller, G Miller, W Miller, A Minotti, L Miralles Verge, C Mironov, S Miscetti, CS Mishra, P Mishra, SR Mishra, D Mladenov, I Mocioiu, A Mogan, R Mohanta, TA Mohayai, N Mokhov, J Molina, L Molina Bueno, E Montagna, A Montanari, C Montanari, D Montanari, D Montanino, LM Monta帽o Zetina, M Mooney, AF Moor, M Moore, Z Moore, D Moreno, G Moreno-Granados, O Moreno-Palacios, L Morescalchi, C Morris, E Motuk, CA Moura, G Mouster, W Mu, L Mualem, J Mueller, M Muether, A Muir, Y Mukhamejanov, A Mukhamejanova, M Mulhearn, D Munford, LJ Munteanu, H Muramatsu, J Muraz, M Murphy, T Murphy, A Mytilinaki, J Nachtman, Y Nagai, S Nagu, D Naples, S Narita, J Nava, A Navrer-Agasson, N Nayak, M Nebot-Guinot, A Nehm, JK Nelson, O Neogi, J Nesbit, M Nessi, D Newbold, M Newcomer, D Newmark, R Nichol, F Nicolas-Arnaldos, A Nielsen, A Nikolica, J Nikolov, E Niner, X Ning, K Nishimura, A Norman, A Norrick, P Novella, A Nowak, JA Nowak, M Oberling, JP Ochoa-Ricoux, S Oh, SB Oh, A Olivier, T Olson, Y Onel, Y Onishchuk, A Oranday, M Osbiston, JA Osorio V茅lez, L O鈥橲ullivan, L Otiniano Ormachea, L Pagani, G Palacio, O Palamara, S Palestini, JM Paley, M Pallavicini, C Palomares, S Pan, M Panareo, P Panda, V Pandey, W Panduro Vazquez, E Pantic, V Paolone, A Papadopoulou, R Papaleo, D Papoulias, S Paramesvaran, J Park, S Parke, S Parsa, S Parveen, M Parvu, D Pasciuto, S Pascoli, L Pasqualini, J Pasternak, G Patel, JL Paton, C Patrick, L Patrizii, RB Patterson, T Patzak, A Paudel, J Paul, L Paulucci, Z Pavlovic, G Pawloski, D Payne, A Peake, V Pec, E Pedreschi, SJM Peeters, W Pellico, E Pennacchio, A Penzo, OLG Peres, YF Perez Gonzalez, L P茅rez-Molina, C Pernas, J Perry, D Pershey, G Pessina, G Petrillo, C Petta, R Petti, M Pfaff, V Pia, GM Piacentino, L Pickering, L Pierini, F Pietropaolo, VL Pimentel, G Pinaroli, S Pincha, J Pinchault, K Pitts, P Plesniak, K Pletcher, K Plows, C Pollack, T Pollmann, F Pompa, X Pons, N Poonthottathil, V Popov, F Poppi, J Porter, LG Porto Paix茫o, M Potekhin, M Pozzato, R Pradhan, T Prakash, M Prest, F Psihas, D Pugnere, D Pullia, X Qian, J Queen, JL Raaf, M Rabelhofer, V Radeka, J Rademacker, F Raffaelli, A Rafique, A Rahe, S Rajagopalan, M Rajaoalisoa, I Rakhno, L Rakotondravohitra, MA Ralaikoto, L Ralte, MA Ramirez Delgado, B Ramson, SS Randriamanampisoa, A Rappoldi, G Raselli, T Rath, P Ratoff, R Ray, H Razafinime, RF Razakamiandra, EM Rea, JS Real, B Rebel, R Rechenmacher, J Reichenbacher, SD Reitzner, E Renner, S Repetto, S Rescia, F Resnati, C Reynolds, M Ribas, S Riboldi, C Riccio, G Riccobene, JS Ricol, M Rigan, A Rikalo, EV Rinc贸n, A Ritchie-Yates, D Rivera, A Robert, A Roberts, E Robles, M Roda, D Rodas Rodr铆guez, MJO Rodrigues, J Rodriguez Rondon, S Rosauro-Alcaraz, P Rosier, D Ross, M Rossella, M Ross-Lonergan, T Rotsy, N Roy, P Roy, P Roy, C Rubbia, D Rudik, A Ruggeri, G Ruiz Ferreira, K Rushiya, B Russell, S Sacerdoti, N Saduyev, SK Sahoo, N Sahu, S Sakhiyev, P Sala, G Salmoria, S Samanta, MC Sanchez, A S谩nchez-Castillo, P Sanchez-Lucas, DA Sanders, S Sanfilippo, D Santoro, N Saoulidou, P Sapienza, I Sarcevic, I Sarra, G Savage, V Savinov, G Scanavini, A Scanu, A Scaramelli, T Schefke, H Schellman, S Schifano, P Schlabach, D Schmitz, AW Schneider, K Scholberg, A Schroeder, A Schukraft, B Schuld, S Schwartz, A Segade, E Segreto, A Selyunin, CR Senise, J Sensenig, SH Seo, D Seppela, MH Shaevitz, P Shanahan, P Sharma, R Kumar, S Sharma Poudel, K Shaw, T Shaw, K Shchablo, J Shen, C Shepherd-Themistocleous, J Shi, W Shi, S Shin, S Shivakoti, A Shmakov, I Shoemaker, D Shooltz, R Shrock, M Siden, J Silber, L Simard, J Sinclair, G Sinev, Jaydip Singh, J Singh, L Singh, P Singh, V Singh, S Singh Chauhan, R Sipos, C Sironneau, G Sirri, K Siyeon, K Skarpaas, J Smedley, J Smith, P Smith, J Smolik, M Smy, M Snape, EL Snider, P Snopok, M Soares Nunes, H Sobel, M Soderberg, H Sogarwal, CJ Solano Salinas, S S枚ldner-Rembold, N Solomey, V Solovov, WE Sondheim, M Sorbara, M Sorel, J Soto-Oton, A Sousa, K Soustruznik, D Souza Correia, F Spinella, J Spitz, NJC Spooner, D Stalder, M Stancari, L Stanco, J Steenis, R Stein, HM Steiner, AF Steklain Lisb么a, J Stewart, B Stillwell, J Stock, T Stokes, T Strauss, L Strigari, A Stuart, JG Suarez, J Subash, A Surdo, L Suter, A Sutton, K Sutton, Y Suvorov, R Svoboda, SK Swain, C Sweeney, B Szczerbinska, AM Szelc, A Sztuc, A Taffara, N Talukdar, J Tamara, HA Tanaka, S Tang, N Taniuchi, AM Tapia Casanova, A Tapper, S Tariq, E Tatar, R Tayloe, AM Teklu, K Tellez Giron Flores, J Tena Vidal, P Tennessen, M Tenti, K Terao, F Terranova, G Testera, T Thakore, A Thea, S Thomas, A Thompson, C Thorpe, SC Timm, E Tiras, V Tishchenko, S Tiwari, N Todorovi膰, L Tomassetti, A Tonazzo, D Torbunov, D Torres Mu帽oz, M Torti, M Tortola, Y Torun, N Tosi, D Totani, M Toups, C Touramanis, V Trabattoni, D Tran, J Trevor, E Triller, S Trilov, D Trotta, J Truchon, D Truncali, WH Trzaska, Y Tsai, Y-T Tsai, Z Tsamalaidze, KV Tsang, N Tsverava, SZ Tu, S Tufanli, C Tunnell, J Turner, M Tuzi, M Tzanov, MA Uchida, J Ure帽a Gonz谩lez, J Urheim, T Usher, H Utaegbulam, S Uzunyan, MR Vagins, P Vahle, GA Valdiviesso, E Valencia, R Valentim, Z Vallari, E Vallazza, JWF Valle, R Van Berg, DV Forero, A Vannozzi, M Van Nuland-Troost, F Varanini, D Vargas Oliva, N Vaughan, K Vaziri, A V谩zquez-Ramos, J Vega, J Vences, S Ventura, A Verdugo, M Verzocchi, K Vetter, M Vicenzi, H Vieira de Souza, C Vignoli, C Vilela, E Villa, S Viola, B Viren, GV Stenico, R Vizarreta, AP Vizcaya Hernandez, S Vlachos, G Vorobyev, Q Vuong, AV Waldron, L Walker, H Wallace, M Wallach, J Walsh, T Walton, L Wan, B Wang, H Wang, J Wang, MHLS Wang, X Wang, Y Wang, D Warner, L Warsame, MO Wascko, D Waters, A Watson, K Wawrowska, A Weber, CM Weber, M Weber, H Wei, A Weinstein, S Westerdale, M Wetstein, K Whalen, AJ White, LH Whitehead, D Whittington, F Wieler, J Wilhlemi, MJ Wilking, A Wilkinson, C Wilkinson, F Wilson, RJ Wilson, P Winter, J Wolcott, J Wolfs, T Wongjirad, A Wood, K Wood, E Worcester, M Worcester, K Wresilo, M Wright, M Wrobel, S Wu, W Wu, Z Wu, M Wurm, J Wyenberg, BM Wynne, Y Xiao, I Xiotidis, B Yaeggy, N Yahlali, E Yandel, G Yang, J Yang, T Yang, A Yankelevich, L Yates, U Yevarouskaya, K Yonehara, T Young, B Yu, H Yu, J Yu, W Yuan, M Zabloudil, R Zaki, J Zalesak, L Zambelli, B Zamorano, A Zani, O Zapata, L Zazueta, GP Zeller, J Zennamo, J Zettlemoyer, K Zeug, C Zhang, S Zhang, Y Zhang, L Zhao, M Zhao, ED Zimmerman, S Zucchelli, V Zutshi, R Zwaska
Abstract:
The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector is a prototype of a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprising a two-by-two array of four modules, each further segmented into two optically isolated LArTPCs. The 2x2 Demonstrator features a number of pioneering technologies, including a low-profile resistive field shell to establish drift fields, native 3D ionization pixelated imaging, and a high-coverage dielectric light readout system. The 2.4-tonne active mass detector is flanked upstream and downstream by supplemental solid-scintillator tracking planes, repurposed from the MINERvA experiment, which track ionizing particles exiting the argon volume. The antineutrino beam data collected by the detector over a 4.5 day period in 2024 include over 30,000 neutrino interactions in the LAr active volume鈥攖he first neutrino interactions reported by a DUNE detector prototype. During its physics-quality run, the 2x2 Demonstrator operated at a nominal drift field of 500 V/cm and maintained good LAr purity, with a stable electron lifetime of approximately 1.25 ms. This paper describes the detector and 91探花ing systems, summarizes the installation and commissioning, and presents the initial validation of collected NuMI beam and off-beam self-triggers. In addition, it highlights observed interactions in the detector volume, including candidate muon antineutrino events.
