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Abstract:

Abstract:

Variability in the light curves of spotted, rotating stars is often non-sinusoidal and quasi-periodic --- spots move on the stellar surface and have finite lifetimes, causing stellar flux variations to slowly shift in phase. A strictly periodic sinusoid therefore cannot accurately model a rotationally modulated stellar light curve. Physical models of stellar surfaces have many drawbacks preventing effective inference, such as highly degenerate or high-dimensional parameter spaces. In this work, we test an appropriate effective model: a Gaussian Process with a quasi-periodic covariance kernel function. This highly flexible model allows sampling of the posterior probability density function of the periodic parameter, marginalising over the other kernel hyperparameters using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. To test the effectiveness of this method, we infer rotation periods from 333 simulated stellar light curves, demonstrating that the Gaussian process method produces periods that are more accurate than both a sine-fitting periodogram and an autocorrelation function method. We also demonstrate that it works well on real data, by inferring rotation periods for 275 Kepler stars with previously measured periods. We provide a table of rotation periods for these 1132 Kepler objects of interest and their posterior probability density function samples. Because this method delivers posterior probability density functions, it will enable hierarchical studies involving stellar rotation, particularly those involving population modelling, such as inferring stellar ages, obliquities in exoplanet systems, or characterising star-planet interactions. The code used to implement this method is available online.

Abstract:

We present an 80-d long uninterrupted high-cadence K2 light curve of the B1Iab supergiant rho Leo (HD 91316), deduced with the method of halo photometry. This light curve reveals a dominant frequency of $f_{\rmrot}=0.0373$d$^{-1}$ and its harmonics. This dominant frequency corresponds with a rotation period of 26.8d and is subject to amplitude and phase modulation. The K2 photometry additionally reveals multiperiodic low-frequency variability ($<1.5 $d$^{-1}$) and is in full agreement with low-cadence high-resolution spectroscopy assembled during 1800 days. The spectroscopy reveals rotational modulation by a dynamic aspherical wind with an amplitude of about 20km s$^{-1}$ in the H$\alpha$ line, as well as photospheric velocity variations of a few km s$^{-1}$ at frequencies in the range 0.2 to 0.6 d$^{-1}$ in the SiIII 4567\AA\ line. Given the large macroturbulence needed to explain the spectral line broadening of the star, we interpret the detected photospheric velocity as due to travelling super-inertial low-degree large-scale gravity waves with dominant tangential amplitudes and discuss why $\rho$~Leo is an excellent target to study how the observed photospheric variability propagates into the wind.